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Stressor types and smoking behaviorMultifarious types of stressors are known to give rise to severe psychological distress (SPD), which may affect smoking behavior. Our study is the first to provide evidence for the association between the prevalence of smoking behavior and different sources of worry and stress, rather than just stress itself, using a large, nationally representative dataset in Japan. Our results show that associations between the sources of worry and stress with smoking behavior differed by gender, which suggests that gender-specific considerations will be needed when developing effective smoking control policies; these should be specific to each source of worry and stress.For both genders, we found a significant associa-tion between financial problems and smoking behavior. Several studies have shown a significant association between smoking behavior and socio-economic indicators that include an individual’s economic situation, such as education, occupational status, household income, housing tenure, economic Relationship with familyRelationship with nonfamily membersRelated to love-making or sexMarriageDivorceBullying, sexual harassmentLack of purpose in lifeLack of personal timeIncome, finances, debts, etc.Own illness or long-term careIllness or long-term care of a family memberPregnancy or child birthChild rearingHouseworkOwn studies, exams, entrance examsChild's educationOwn jobJob of a family memberHouse or living environmentOthers*Chi-square test.Table 2　Sources of worries and stress by sexnMen（28,588）1,4401,92752649599721,5121,2724,8032,2491,445392221973748727,5465931,104882difficulties, and economic satisfaction16-17). In Japan, the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2010 conducted by the MHLW revealed that the associ-ation between household income and smoking behavior was more significant in low-income fami-lies18). The present study is consistent with previous studies and the government data. When we further analyzed the data by gender, we found that smoking behavior was associated with the stress related to financial problems, regardless of gender. A previous study in the US revealed that when smokers did quit, their financial stress decreased19); therefore, a crucial aspect of promoting the cessa-tion of smoking may involve the consideration of monetary expense. Our findings also suggested that smoking behavior was associated with job stress in women. In Japan, the employment rate of women is increasing, and the proportion of women among the total working population was 43.4% in 201620). However, cultur-ally, the burden of domestic tasks, like housework, care of the elderly, and childcare duties at home, Women（30,813）n（%）(5.0)(6.7)(1.8)(1.7)(0.4)(0.3)(5.3)(4.5)(16.8)(7.9)(5.1)(0.1)(0.8)(0.7)(1.3)(3.1)(26.4)(2.1)(3.9)(3.1)3,2203,0745865051581511,6971,8925,9583,1822,7523901,4181,5704662,2855,5981,6971,7621,511P*（%）(10.5)(10.0)(1.9)(1.6)(0.5)(0.5)(5.5)(6.1)(19.3)(10.3)(8.9)(1.3)(4.6)(5.1)(1.5)(7.4)(18.2)(5.5)(5.7)(4.9)<0.001<0.0010.580.380.002<0.0010.24<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.0010.04<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001617