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(SAS Institute Inc., Cary, USA). All probability values for statistical tests were two-sided, and values of p < 0.05 were regarded as statistically significant. ment,” “Lack of purpose in life,” “Lack of personal time,” “Income, finances, debts, etc.,” “Own illness or long-term care,” “Illness or long-term care of a family member,” “Pregnancy or child birth,” “Child rearing,” “Housework,” “Own studies, exams, entrance exams,” “Child's education,” “Own job,” “Job of a family member,” “House or living environment,” and “Other.”Other measurementsWe also assessed the following measurements via the self-administered questionnaire: education level (junior high school, high school, junior college or technical upper secondary school, or university or graduate school); marital status (single, married, divorced, or widowed); and working status (Worker, Non-worker).Regarding working status, participants were asked the following three questions: “Did you work to obtain income in May 2010?”, “Were you employed or self-employed?”, and “What was your employ-ment status?” When the participant answered “Unemployed,” he or she was also asked whether he or she had the intention to work to obtain income. Participants who chose their working status as “Mainly doing job tasks,” “Mainly doing housework but have a job,” “Mainly doing other but have a job,” “Only attending school,” “Only doing housework,” “Other with no job.” We defined the subjects who chose “Mainly doing job tasks,” “Mainly doing housework but have a job,” “Mainly doing other but have a job” as “Worker” and those who chose “Only attending school,” “Only doing house-work,” and “Other with no job” as “Non-worker.”Statistical analysisDemographic characteristics according to stress status and sources of worry and stress stratified by gender are described, and chi-squared analysis was conducted. We calculated the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of smoking for each cause of worry and stress compared with those in the absence of any worry and stress using the multivariable logistic regression model. The confounding factors that are, age, education level, and marital and working statuses, included in the model as they were significantly associated with both stress and smoking status. All statistical anal-yses were performed using SAS ver. 9.4 software The proportion of individuals experiencing worry and stress was 48.5% (13,866/28,588) in men and 57.5% (17,719/30,813) in women, and the propor-tion of smokers was 36.8% (10,510/28,588) and 11.2% (3,443/30,813), respectively. Table 1 shows the demographic characteristics according to stress status. For both genders, the persons experiencing stress were relatively younger, and had a higher proportion of being single or divorced/widowed, workers, and heavy smokers than those with no stress.Table 2 shows the sources of worries and stress by gender. The most prevalent causes of stress in men were “Own job (26.4%),” “Income, finances, debts, etc. (16.8%),” and “Own illness or long-term care (7.9%).” For women, the most prevalent causes were “Income, finances, debts, etc. (19.3%),” “Own job (18.2%),” and “Relationship with family (10.5%).”Table 3 shows the age- and multivariable-ad-justed ORs and 95% CIs of smoking according to the sources of worry and stress. We observed significantly higher age-adjusted ORs of smokers for “Income, finances, debts, etc.” and “Divorce” than of non-smokers for both genders. In women, we observed significantly higher age-adjusted ORs for “Relationship with family,” “Relationship with nonfamily members,” “Related to love-making or sex,” “Bullying, sexual harassment,” “Lack of personal time,” “Child's education,” “Own job,” and “Job of a family member,” as well as significantly lower age-adjusted OR for “Child rearing.” In men, we observed significantly lower age-adjusted ORs for “Own illness or long-term care,” “Own studies, exams, entrance exams,” “Child's education,” and “Other.”Further adjusted for education level, marital and working statuses, some of the ORs for the sources were attenuated and did not reach statistical signif-icance. However, the multivariable-adjusted ORs (95% CI) of smoking for “Income, finances, debts, etc.” remained statistically significant; the multi-variable-adjusted ORs (95% CI) were 1.22 (1.15-1.31) in men and 1.66 (1.53-1.80) in women. In men, 615Results