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1) Abe A, Shingaki N: The effect of the tempo of back-ground music on work efficiency. The annual meeting of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society, 2010; 27: pp. 3-47. (in Japanese) 2) Suga S. Goto J: Effects of background music on calcu-lation and memory tasks: differences in the subjects’ habit of daily study: ‘with’ or ‘without’ music. Faculty of Education, Wakayama University bulletin of Center for Educational Research and Training, 2008; 13: 59-68. (in Japanese) 3) Tsuyama M, Takeyoshi S: The effect ambient sound has on learning outcomes during growth. Bulletin of Kyushu Women’s University, 2015; 51: 61-72. (in Japanese) 4) List of national capitals. (2021, September 6). In Wiki-pedia. https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 5) Suzuki Y, Koizumi R: Using equivalent test forms in SLA pretest-posttest design research. In P. Winke P, Brunfaut T (Eds.): The Routledge handbook of second language acquisition and language testing, Routledge, 2021; 457-467.instability of the results. The fact that the partici-pants were nonequivalent groups also should be added as one of the limitations. AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to the anonymous reviewer for the helpful suggestions that substantially improved our article.Author contributionsRO, MS, SM, and RY planned the work and wrote the manuscript. RF supervised the work and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.Conflicts of interest statementThe authors have declared that no conflicts of interest exist.581ReferencesFundingNo funding was received.