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Figure 2　Prof. Isamu SakaguchiFigure 3　Intuitive Da Vinci surgical systemFigure 5　BARD®　MAX-CORE®castration was the first operation for a new urolo-gist. At that time, surgical castration was the only surgery for prostate cancer and was the mainstay of hormone therapy for prostate cancer. Currently, robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP, Figure 3) has become a main surgical procedure that is widely performed not only in Western coun-tries but also in Japan. Hormone therapy for pros-tate cancer has also started to use new AR target drugs (Abiraterone, Enzalutamide, Apalutamide, and Darolutamide) as well as surgical castration and medical castration. In addition, anticancer drugs such as Docetaxel and Cabazitaxel have been used, and radiation therapy for bone metas-tases such as Ra-223 has also been administered. Prostate biopsy has also changed significantly. In the 1980s, when induration of prostate cancer was palpable, prostate biopsy was performed using a TruCut needle (Figure 4) under a finger guidance. In recent years, puncture needles have also advanced, allowing us to use superior products (Figure 5). PSA measurement became possible by Wang et al.1) in 1979, Holm et al.2) performed a tran-srectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUS- B) in 1981.In Japan, in 1963, Hiroki Watanabe of the Depart-ment of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Figure 4　TruCut needle455Juntendo Urology Faculty Part-21943 （Showa 18） Prof. Masatoki Koike1958 （Showa 33） Prof. HiromotoTakahashi1982 （Showa 57） Prof. Ryuichi Kitagawa1993 （Heisei 5） Prof. Makoto Fujime2012 （Heisei 24） Prof. Shigeo HorieThe Transition of Urology for forty yearsThe prostate cancer practice has undergone significant changes over the last 40 years. Forty years ago, when I was still a new physician, surgical