(women only)(−)(−) N/AN/A N/A N/A(+)N/A N/A(−)(−) N/A(−)N/A(−)(−) N/A 10)−0.279 μg/g, respectively). The Student’s t-test showed a significant difference in mean birth weight between boys and girls (mean±SD=3062±412 and 2995±401 g, respectively, p=0.002). The statis-tical analysis did not indicate any significant differ-ences in the other characteristics between boys CountryPolandAge 6-17 yOutcomeSampleObesityBloodPlasmaUrineN/A(−) (+)N/A(−)(−)N/A(+)N/A(−)(−)(−) (+)(+) CoLiBeBMgAlSiVCrMnFeNiCuZnAsSeMoCdSnSbICsBaWHgTlPbReference(+): positive relationship, (−); negative relationship, N/A: no relationshipTable 1 Previous studies on relationship between trace elements, in different biological samples, and anthropometric characteristics254USAChildren with 6-19 yobesity: 10.59±2.90 y; healthy control: 10.71±2.07 yWeightUrine(−) (−)(−) N/A N/A(+)N/A N/A(−)11)and girls (Table 2).Pearson’s correlation coefficient revealed a weak inverse correlation between log UCo and BMI in boys (r=−0.125, p<0.001) and girls (r=−0.082, p= 0.033) (Figure 2). Multiple linear regression anal-ysis showed an inverse correlation between log Six countries from EuropeTurkeyIran20 mo to 3 y6-11 yBMISerum(−) (−) N/A N/A N/A12)WeightHair(−) N/A N/AN/A N/A N/A13)USAAdolescentsAdultsBMIUrine(−) (+) (−) (+) 14)BMIUrineN/A N/A(−) N/A (−)(+)N/A (+)(−)15)USARussiaAll AllBMIWeightHair(−)N/AN/AN/A(−)(+)N/AN/AN/A(−)N/A(−)(−)(−)(+)N/A N/AN/A (−) N/A N/A17)ToenailsN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A16)
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