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including research design, data collection and anal-ysis, and writing the manuscript. JD and AN designed the study with KY.JD, ND, AK provided the original German version of SEWB scale. The translation was performed by YK, FN, JD, and KY. All of the authors participated in writing the manuscript.Conflicts of interest statementThe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. 1) Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare: Toward the realization of Work Style Reform. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/0000148322.html (in Japanese). 2) Prime Minister’s Office: Establishing a new way of working. https://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/keizaisaisei/portal/new_workstyle/ (in Japanese). 3) Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism: Telework Population Survey. https://www.mlit.go.jp/crd/daisei/telework/p2.html (in Japanese). 4) Messenger J, Vargas Llave O, Gschwind L, Boehmer S, Vermeylen G, & Wilkens M: Working anytime, anywhere: The effects on the world of work. Publications Office of the EU. 2017; https://doi.org/10.2806/425484 5) Allvin M, Aronsson G, Hagström T, Johansson G, & Lundberg U: Work without boundaries. Psychological perspectives on the new working life. Chichester, UK: Wiley- Blackwell, 2011. 6) Krause A, Baeriswyl S, Berset M et al: Selbstgefähr-dung als Indikator für Mängel bei der Gestaltung mobil-flexibler Arbeit: Zur Entwicklung eines Erhe-bungsinstruments [Self endangering behavior as an indicator for shortcomings in the design of mobile and flexible work]. Wirt Psych, 2014; 4: 49–59. (in German) 7) Dettmers J, Deci N, Baeriswyl S, et al: Self-Endan-gering Work Behavior. Healthy at Work 37-51, 2016. DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-32331-2_4. Springer, Switzer-land. 8) Deci N, Dettmers J, Krause A, Berset M: Coping in Flexible Working Conditions –Engagement, Disen-gagement and Self-Endangering Strategies. Journal Psychologie des Alltagshandelns (Psychology of Everyday Activity) 2016; 9: 49-65. 9) Peters K: Individual Autonomy in new forms of work organization. Concepts and Transformation 2001; 6: 141- 158. https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/ 12170796.pdf10) Pongratz H. J, & Voß G. G: From employee to ‘entreployee’. Concepts and Transformation 2003; 8: 239–254. https://doi.org/10.1075/cat.8.3.04pon11) Knecht M, Meier G, Kraus A, et al: Endangering one’s health to improve performance? How indirect control triggers social momentum in organizations. Gr Interakt Org 2017; 48: 193–201. 12) Baeriswyl S, Bratoljic C & Krause A: How homeroom teachers cope with high demands: Effect of prolonging working hours on emotional exhaustion. Journal of School Psychology, 2021; 85: 125-139.13) Steidelmüller C, Meyer SC, Müller G: Home-Based Telework and Presenteeism Across Europe. J Occup Environ Med, 2020; 62: 998-1005. 14) Baethge A, Deci N, Dettmers J, & Rigotti T: “Some days won’t end ever”: Working faster and longer as a boundary condition for challenge versus hindrance effects of time pressure. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 2019; 24: 322.15) Statistics Bureau of Japan: Number of employees and employment rate by age group (5-year-old group), Labor force survey: Long-term time series data. https://www.stat.go.jp/data/roudou/longtime/ 03roudou.html (in Japanese).16) Guadagnoli E & Velicer WE: Relation of Sample Size to the Stability of Component Patterns. Psychological Bulletin, 1988; 103: 265-275.17) Gender Equality Bureau Cabinet Office: Women's participation in the enterprise. White paper on Equality 2020. Chapter 2. Section 2. https://www.gender.go.jp/about_danjo/whitepaper/r02/zentai/html/honpen/b1_s02_02.html (in Japanese).18) Kawakami N, Haratani T: Epidemiology of job stress and health in Japan: Review of current Evidence and future direction. Industrial Health 1999; 37: 174-186.19) Hoshuyama T: Overwork and its health effects-current status and future approach regarding Karoshi Sangyo Eiseigaku Zasshi 2003; 45: 187-193. (in Japanese)20) Oi Y, Phtaki Y, Andrea CS, Takahashi T, et al: Associ-ation between flourishing mental health and occupa-tional stress among workers of Tsukuba Science City, Japan: a cross-sectional study. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 2019; 24: 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-019-0823-721) Kachi Y, Inoue A, Eguchi H, Kawakami N, Shimazu A, Tsutsumi A: Occupational stress and the risk of turn-over: a large prospective cohort study of employees in Japan. BMC Public Health 2020; 20: 174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8289-522) Ogura K: Long working hours in Japan. Japanese Journal of Labour Studies 2008; 575: 4-16. (in Japanese).249References