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To quantitatively evaluate the SEWB, some of the authors of the present study6, 8) created a self-administered questionnaire called the SEWB scale, in German, consisting of 21 items with a 5-step Likert scale, which included five subscales: “Intensification of working hours,” “Prolongation/extension of working hours,” “Refraining from recovery/leisure activities,” “Working despite illness,” and “Use of stimulating substances.” Using this scale, the authors found that emotional exhaus-tion and psychosomatic complaints of workers were increased by SEWB (excluding “Extension of working hours”) in 485 professionals, including engineers, architects, computer engineers, adver-tisers, and lawyers as well as scientists. The study showed the relationship between stressors and exhaustion is partially mediated by SEWB. Another study14) reported that SEWB may moderate the relationship between alleged challenge stressors such as time pressure, irritation and work engage-ment, increasing the strain effect and reducing the challenge effect of time pressure.In the current study, we developed a Japanese version of the SEWB scale (J-SEWB) to enable further research in Japanese employees regarding work behavior and health status, as the population of employees engaging in flexible work is rapidly increasing. Understanding the processes by which flexible work arrangements can lead to health impairments via maladaptive coping behaviors such as SEWB may help to better achieve the benefits of flexible work without the negative health impacts in Japan. Self-Endangering Work Behavior (SEWB) scale The SEWB scale was developed as a self-admin-istered questionnaire consisting of 21 items, including five subscales: “Intensification of working hours,” “Prolongation/extension of working hours,” “Refraining recovery/leisure activities,” “Working despite illness,” and “Use of stimulating substances.” The five subscales contain 3, 4, 6, 5, and 3 items, respectively. All of the self-endan-gering items were scored on a five-point Likert scale that ranged from 1 (rarely/never) to 5 (very often). Respondents were asked to report the frequencies of various behaviors, such as working despite illness. The scores of the items were totaled 243IntroductionIn Japan, the needs of workers are diversifying1) and the government is promoting flexible work styles, such as telework, side jobs and freelance work, establishing new work styles and promoting regional revitalization through remote work2). The proportion of remote workers is increasing, and remote work is estimated to account for more than 20% of the working population in Japan3). The demand for such flexible working styles is increasing worldwide, and companies are giving workers more control over their daily work based on self-management and self-discipline4, 5). While these changes provide opportunities for personal growth and coordination between work and personal life, they also require the need for self-management, and can lead to problematic behaviors to cope with heavy workloads6-8). This coping behavior is referred to as self-endangering work behavior (SEWB), which refers to work behaviors that may help achieve immediate goals while simultaneously creating risks for employee health and long-term work capacity6-8).The concept of SEWB is a combination of several maladaptive coping styles that have so far been studied separately, such as extension of working hours, intensification of working hours, sickness presenteeism, faking, substance abuse to recu-perate, substance abuse to perform, reduction of quality, and bypassing safety standards6-8) A central predictor for the occurrence of SEWB is increased results-oriented management in companies (indi-rect control instead of command-and-control)9, 10). In workplaces using this type of management, employees are given freedom to make decisions, but at the same time they are responsible for achieving demanding goals. Knecht et al.11) reported that SEWB contributed to the link between work burden and exhaustion in 607 workers under indi-rect control. Baeriswyl et al.12) confirmed these results in a sample of 560 teachers, reporting that extension of working hours partially mediated the effect of workload on emotional exhaustion. Steidelmüller et al.13) reported that the frequency of presenteeism (working despite illness) increased with the number of hours of teleworking per week among 25,465 respondents in the 6th wave of the European Working Conditions Survey 2015. Materials and Methodsfrom