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Effect of HW on α-SMA, TGF-β, and TNF-α mRNA expression in hyperoxic ratsThe RT-PCR analysis of kidney tissue revealed characteristic findings in the O2-PW group. The O2- PW group had significantly higher α-SMA, TGF-β, and TNF-α levels than the RA-PW group (α-SMA: 1.89 ± 0.44 vs. 0.86 ± 0.07; P < 0.05; Figure 2-A) (TGF-β: 1.28 ± 0.24 vs. 0.70 ± 0.07; P < 0.05; Figure 2-B) (TNF-α: 1.83 ± 0.60 vs. 0.67 ± 0.08; P < 0.05; Figure 2-C). The O2-HW group also showed characteristic findings. The expression of α-SMA, TGF-β, and TNF-α was significantly suppressed in the O2-HW group than in the O2-PW group (α-SMA: 0.79 ± 0.08 vs. 1.89 ± 0.44; P < 0.05; Figure 2-A) (TGF-β: 0.74 ± 0.08 vs. 1.28 ± 0.24; P < 0.05; Figure 2-B) (TNF-α: 0.91 ± 0.05 vs. 1.83 ± 0.60; P < 0.05; Figure 2-C).This study demonstrated that molecular hydrogen administration suppressed the generation of imma-ture glomeruli caused by high-concentration oxygen administration. Yzydorczyk et al.12) showed that nephron endowment was reduced by 25% in 25- to 35-week-old rats exposed to hyperoxia during postnatal nephrogenesis (80% oxygen from P3 to P10). Although the glomerular number decreased, 238groups was 14.8 ± 1.62 and 70.8 ± 3.30, respectively. Conversely, the O2-HW group (39.9 ± 2.38) had significantly fewer immature glomeruli (Figure 1b).Figure 1b　The number of immature glomeruli of newborn ratsHydrogen-rich water (HW) administration decreased the number of immature glomeruli.Figure 2　RT-PCR analysis of renal specimensIn RT-PCR analysis, hyperoxia exposure led to the increase of α-SMA (A), TGF-β(B), and TNF-α(C) expression, and hydrogen-rich water (HW) administration decreased their expression.Discussion