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health check. Therefore, blood pressure measure-ment, the urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase- to-creatinine ratio (NAG/Cr), and the β2 micro-globulin-to-creatinine ratio (β2m/Cr) are useful in regular follow-up visits to detect early renal complications42).Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors such as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibi-tors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are recommended as first-line antihypertensive therapy for CKD patients with urinary protein, with or without diabetes mellitus (https://www.jpnsh.jp/data/jsh2019/JSH2019_hp.pdf [accessed July 28, 2021] (in Japanese). In ELBW survivors with glomerular hypertension, RAS inhibitors may also have similar efficiency39, 40). Long-term follow-up of these patients would be needed even in adulthood.The mechanism of the development of life-style-related diseases in FGR/SGA infants was introduced from the perspective of the DOHaD theory in this review. According to Japanese popu-lation statistics, in 2025, about 10% of people aged 20 years are predicted to have a birth history of LBW, and the trend will continue. This trend is unique to Japan, so that Western European coun-tries are interested in the epidemiological trends of lifestyle-related diseases in Japan in the near furfure. Therefore, it is important for obstetricians to educate and support pregnant women with respect to their eating habits. In addition, pediatri-cians need to teach parents of FGR/SGA infants about dietary habits to prevent the future risk of obesity and insulin resistance in their offspring. Furthermore, physicians caring for adults should keep in mind the new third factor of lifestyle-re-lated diseases based on the DOHaD theory by checking the birth history in daily practice.AcknowledgmentThe author wishes to thank the Juntendo schol-arship program of the Graduate Association that enabled him to study at Lund University. The author would also like to thank Professor Toshiaki Shimizu for providing him with comprehensive support during a stay in Sweden. 1) Barker DJ, Osmond C: Infant mortality, childhood nutrition, and ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales. Lancet. 1986; 1: 1077-1081. 2) Chernausek SD: Update: consequences of abnormal fetal growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012; 97: 689-695. 3) Nakano Y: Adult-Onset Diseases in Low Birth Weight Infants: Association with Adipose Tissue Maldevelop-ment. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2020; 27: 397-405. 4) Hovi P, Andersson S, Eriksson JG, et al: Glucose regu-lation in young adults with very low birth weight. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356: 2053-2063. 5) Tominaga K, Fujimoto E, Suzuki K, Hayashi M, Ichikawa M, Inaba Y: Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children and relationship to metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and waist circumference. Environ Health Prev Med. 2009; 14: 142-149. 6) Anderson EL, Howe LD, Jones HE, Higgins JP, Lawlor DA, Fraser A: The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015; 10: e0140908. 7) Knop MR, Geng TT, Gorny AW, et al: Birth weight and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension in adults: A meta-analysis of 7 646 267 participants from 135 studies. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018; 7: e008870. 8) Gluckman PD, Hanson MA: Living with the past: evolu-tion, development, and patterns of disease. Science. 2004; 305: 1733-1736. 9) Qiu J: Epigenetics: unfinished symphony. Nature. 2006; 441: 143-5.10) Mouzaki M, Ling SC: The highs and lows of fetal programming for fatty liver disease. J Pediatr. 2017; 187: 13-15.11) Newton KP, Feldman HS, Chambers CD, et al: Low and High Birth Weights Are Risk Factors for Nonalco-holic Fatty Liver Disease in Children. J Pediatr. 2017; 187: 141-146 e1.MS participated in writing the manuscript and creating the figures, SN carried out clinical assess-ments of the patient and performed the histological examination of the liver and kidney, and YM and KM revised the manuscript for intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manu-script.All the authors of this study declare that they have nothing to disclose regarding funding or conflict of interest with respect to this manuscript.This work was partially supported by grant 19K08261 from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI.517ConclusionsAuthor contributionsDeclaration of conflicting interestsFundingReferences