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These integrative approaches merge digital biomarkers and continuous user reports (mHealth) with clinical and basic science data (multi-omics). Hence, we can gain a holistic perspective on ocular physiology and pathology, a crucial first step toward P4 medicine (Figure 3). These principles have implications for other systemic diseases, such as cancer medicine, cardiovascular disease, respira-tory medicine, and type-2 diabetes, beyond the field of ocular diseases65, 66). They can be applied to any field and pathology that needs further investi-gation on its mechanisms and treatment. In clinical practice, these integrative approaches will lead to new digital care models for human-centered ophthalmology including telemedicine, at-home monitoring, and AI-driven preventive and person-alized care67).ConclusionDiseases are often heterogenous and multifacto-rial due to the complex underlying pathology and the multiple pathways to a single disease. The medical infrastructure outlined by the Society 5.0 plan enables cross-hierarchical data-driven anal-ysis integrating mHealth, multi-omics data, and AI technology. Such infrastructure may accelerate the discovery of pathological mechanisms, underlying Figure 3　Cross-hierarchical integrative research network for heterogeneity of the eye diseaseAI; artificial intelligence. The figure is used from Inomata T. et al.2) with permission.526genetic components, valuable biomarkers, novel treatments, and individualized regimens to prevent disease onset or progression. These are crucial first steps toward implementing P4 medicine. To effec-tively promote and establish an infrastructure that can effectively introduce the principles of P4 medi-cine, a social agreement must be made on rein-forcing individual participation. This must advocate support from government agencies toward rele-vant research and development and demand recip-rocation by enhancing the society through innova-tions and newfound insights.OHAKO, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan) and Medical Logue, Inc. (Tokyo Japan) are appreciated for developing the DryEyeRhythm application and Shiang T, Yoshimura Y, Hirastuka Y, Hori S, Uchino M, and Tsubota K for the initial development of the DryEy-eRhythm application and Ebihara N, Fujisawa K, Muto K, Nojiri S, Ide T, Okano M, Nagao M for the development of the AllerSearch application.This work was supported by Novartis Research Grants 2018, Daiohs Foundation Research Grants 2018 (TI), JST COI [Grant Number JPMJCER02WD02 (TI)], JSPS KAKENHI [Grant Numbers 20K23168 (AMI) and 21K17311 (AMI)], the Japan Agency Acknowledgments