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472established by Pompe van Meerdervoort. Its admin-istration likewise fell to the Edo shogunate, the Meiji government, the Ministry of Education, and Nagasaki Prefecture before it became a national university.In contrast, Juntendo has remained a private organization, providing medical treatment and contributing toward training physicians. In Edo and Sakura during the Edo era and Tokyo since the beginning of the Meiji era, Juntendo has continued to develop under nine heads of the insti-tute. Presently, it is a large-scale institute of higher education comprising (in addition to the Depart-ment of Medicine) departments for the training of nurses and clinical and radiological technologists. With six affiliated hospitals, it is one of the largest institutions of medicine in the country.AcknowledgementWe wish to thank Dr. Nobutaka Hattori (Dean and Professor, Juntendo University Faculty of Medi-cine) for his encouragement and valuable advice.This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP 18K00265.Author contributionsTS designed the article and analysed the mate-rial. SS presented a perspective on the analysis. TS wrote the draft of the paper. TS, SS edited the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.Conflicts of Interes statementThe Authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. 1) Newsweek: World’s Best Specialized Hospitals 2021 (on Neurology). Nov. 20, 2020, https://www.newsweek.com/worlds-best-specialized-hospitals-2021/neurology (accessed February 1, 2021). 2) (Advertisement Feature): Sportology – an emerging field. Nature 549, 2017. 3) Juntendo: Juntendoshi Jo (History of Juntendo, first volume). Tokyo: Juntendo, 1980 [published in Japanese]. 4) Juntendo: Juntendoshi Ge (History of Juntendo, second volume). Tokyo: Juntendo, 1996 [published in Japa-nese] 5) Juntendo: 175nenn no Kiseki: Shashin de miru Junten-doshi (Juntendo University in photographs). Tokyo: Juntendo, 2014 [published in Japanese]. 6) Juntendoshikennkyuukai: Juntendo no Keifu (Gene-alogy of Juntendo). Tokyo: Department of Medical History in the Juntendo University, 2016 [published in Japanese]. 7) Fumiwoyomukai: Takawa no Yukari - Sato Susumu Seika no Shokanshu (Connection of Takawa - Collected Letters of Sato Susumu’s family). Tokyo: Department of Medical History in the Juntendo University, 2017 [published in Japanese]. 8) Ibarakikenritsurekishikan Shiryougakugeibu: Sato Susumu Kankei Shiryo (Documents related to Sato Susumu). Mito: 2018 [published in Japanese]. 9) Ogawa T, Sakai S: Matsumoto Jun Jiden & Nagayo Sensai Jiden (Autobiographies of Jun Matsumoto & Sensai Nagayo). Tokyo: Heibonsha, 1980 [published in Japanese].10) Rubinger R: Private Academies of Tokugawa Japan. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1982.11) Umihara T: Kinsei Shijuku no Kenkyu (Studies on Private Academies in Early Modern). Kyoto: Shibunkaku, 1983 [published in Japanese].12) Sakai S: Nihon no Iryoushi (History of Medicine in Japan). Tokyo: Tokyo Shoseki, 1982 [published in Japanese].13) Aoki T: Edo Jidai no Igaku (Medicine in Edo Era). Tokyo: Yoshikawakobunkan, 2012 [published in Japa-nese].14) Sakai T: Zusetsu Igakushi (The history of medicine with numerous illustrations). Tokyo: Igakushoin, 2019 [published in Japanese].15) Hayashi D: Geka Shinken (New Experience on Surgery). n.d.: Bankidokappan,1848.16) Yamauchi T: Yamai no Soushi Tsuika (Supplement to Rouleau of Disease). n.a.Ibarakikenritsurekishikan, FundingReferences