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(2014)5).Correspondence and autobiographies relating to early Juntendo“Juntendo no keifu” (2016)6) and “Takawa no yukari” (2017)7) include collections of correspon-dence, primarily from the first three heads of Juntendo, and record information related to early Juntendo.The reprints of the autobiography and collected correspondence of the third head of Juntendo, Susumu Sato, record the situation of Juntendo at the time of his entrance during the end of the Tokugawa shogunate and Edo period8).Taizen’s son, Ryojun Matsumoto, served the Tokugawa shogunate and contributed toward establishing the army’s military physician system during the early Meiji period; his autobiography includes many mentions of Edo-period Juntendo9). This study uses the aforementioned literature to trace the operations of Juntendo from the Edo period to the beginning of the Meiji period. It also connects the state of affairs around Juntendo and medicine during this period. The sources below are references for this.Edo period educationRubinger “Shijuku: private academies of the Tokugawa period” (1982)10), Umihara Toru “Kinsei shijuku no kenkyuu” (1983)11)Japanese medicine from the Edo period to the Meiji periodShizu Sakai “Nihon no iryoushi”(1982)12), Aoki Toshiyuki “Edo jidai no igaku” (2012)13)Relationship between Western and Japanese medicine from the Edo period to the Meiji periodTatsuo Sakai “The history of medicine with numerous illustrations” (2019)14)［Education and Medicine in the Edo period］The Edo period (1603–1868) was a feudal society with the shogun in Edo (now Tokyo) positioned at the top and daimyos appointed by the shogun-con-trolled territories called han. While the Tokugawa shogunate had substantial power, each han had a significant level of autonomy. Therefore, education 464How was it able to survive the period of extensive reform that characterized the Meiji Restoration?This paper is a historical study examining the activity of Juntendo until the 1870s, focusing on two people who directed Juntendo’s operation, the founder Taizen Sato and his successor Takanaka Sato. In this study, we emphasized the changes in the system of medicine and medical training and the state of society during the period.The significance of this study is not limited to examining the vicissitudes of an organization. We believe that it will provide a representative perspec-tive of the state of medical education and the recep-tion of Western medicine in Japan during the era. Furthermore, when looking at the recent researches on global history, early modern Japan is often treated as an actual example of global Westerniza-tion; Western medicine at Juntendo may provide further insight into this history.In this study, we examined the changes in Juntendo from the Edo period to the early Meiji period using a literature method dependent on previous research. Sources listed below may be used to learn about the state of affairs at Juntendo during these periods.History of JuntendoThere are only partial records of early Juntendo. Many educational institutions kept student records or journals dating from the establishment; however, there are few such records from Juntendo. There-fore, prior research relies on public records or the autobiographies of those with personal connections to Juntendo during the time of its establishment. “Juntendoshi Volume 1” (1980) was based on Teizo Ogawa’s research, the founding professor of Juntendo University’s Department of Medical History3). It covers Juntendo’s history from the Edo period to the middle of the Showa Era. The volume includes reprints of materials such as correspondence of directors and student records and has become a fundamental work on the history of Juntendo.The history of Juntendo following the middle of the Showa period are covered in a follow-up to this work, led by the second professor of the Depart-ment of Medical History, Shizu Sakai, published in 19964). Sakai also discovered many historical records related to Juntendo, the results of which are presented in “Juntendo University in photographs” Summary of description