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Tadashi SAWAI, Shizu SAKAI　Juntendo University has the longest history as a medical education institution in Japan. Juntendo started out in the Edo period (1603-1868) as an institution for medical treatment and education, especially in the field of surgery, and has survived and continued to develop through the period of change from the early modern era to the modern era. The purpose of this research paper is to examine the activity of Juntendo in its early times focusing on the first two directors of Juntendo, Taizen Sato and Takanaka Sato. This literature analysis shows that Juntendo continued to practice Western medicine at the highest level in Japan at the time, and was committed to increasing access to health care for the masses. During the Edo period, when traditional Chinese medicine was the mainstream, Taizen practiced the treatments described in Dutch medical books and trained physicians who understood the Dutch language and could implement advanced treatments. Takanaka was involved in the administration of medical care and medical education at the national level during the early Meiji period, when Western medicine was becoming mainstream, and laid the groundwork for Western medicine to take root. He also realized that public medical institutions alone could not provide sufficient opportunities for medical services and decided to create private medical institutions. Inheriting the will of both directors, Juntendo has continued to grow to the present day.Juntendo Medical Journal2021. 67(5), 463-472Key words: history of Juntendo, Taizen Sato, Takanaka Sato, history of medicineReviewsJuntendo at Its Dawn: How Did the Facility of Western Medical Therapies and Educational Survive the Era of Reform between the Edo and Meiji Period?IntroductionJuntendo University is the oldest institution of medical education in Japan. It developed the world’s first ultrasonogram in the latter half of the 20th century, and it is internationally acclaimed for its research in Parkinson’s disease and other illnesses1). Further, it proposed and advocates “sportology”, a new research area that integrates multiple fields, centering around medicine and sports science2). In addition to the six hospitals affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University includes six faculties, making it one of the largest universi-ties in Japan.However, Juntendo was a small organization at the beginning. It began as a private school estab-Department of History of Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, JapanCorresponding author: Tadashi SawaiDepartment of History of Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, JapanTEL: +81-3-5802-1052　FAX: +81-3-3813-1592　E-mail: tsawai@juntendo.ac.jp〔Received　May. 24, 2021〕〔Accepted　Jul. 30, 2021〕J-STAGE Advance published date: Oct. 22, 2021Copyright © 2021 The Juntendo Medical Society. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original source is properly credited. doi: 10.14789/jmj.JMJ21-0005-Rlished in 1838 at the era physicians focused on Eastern medicine originating from China. Juntendo exceptionally surgery brought to Japan through Dutch and achieved a high degree of success. Since then, it has contrib-uted toward the treatment of patients and the education of medicine.The fact that it has endured for more than 180 that Juntendo persisted years demonstrates through the turmoil of 1850–1870 during the early modern period. Few institutions of medicine and medical education survived this period of extensive reform, and only Juntendo emerged with its governing structure intact.What type of treatment and education were undertaken at Juntendo during the early days? implemented Western 463